Freie Software

Autor:Volker Grabsch

Inhalt

Definition

Begriff:

  • ursprünglich: Freie Software / Free Software
  • Marketing: Open Source
  • politisch korrekt: FOSS?

Konstrast:

  • propritäere Software
  • Freeware

Rechtsgrundlage:

  • Urheberrecht / Copyright.
  • Es kommt nur auf die Lizenz an

Womit es nichts zu tun hat:

  • kommerziell vs. nicht-kommerziell
  • Kommunismus
  • Patente

The Free Software Definition

Quellen:

free as in free speech, not as in free beer

It refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:

  1. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.

  2. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.

    (Access to the source code is a precondition for this.)

  3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

  4. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

    (Access to the source code is a precondition for this.)

The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)

Quelle:
http://www.debian.org/social_contract.en.html
  1. Free Redistribution

    The license

    ... may not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software

    ... may not require a royalty ...

  2. Source Code

    The program

    must include source code, and

    must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form.

  3. Derived Works

    The license must allow modifications and derived works, ... under the same terms as the license of the original software.

  4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

    The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form _only_ if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" ... The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code.

    The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. (This is a compromise. ...)

  5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

    The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

  6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

    The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor.

    For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

  7. Distribution of License

    The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

  8. License Must Not Be Specific to Debian

    The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a Debian system.

    If the program is ... used or distributed without Debian ... all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as ... with the Debian system.

  9. License Must Not Contaminate Other Software

    The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software.

    For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be free software.

  10. Example Licenses

    The "GPL", "BSD", and "Artistic" licenses are examples of licenses that we consider "free".

The Free Software Definition

Quelle:
http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd
  1. Free Redistribution

    ...

  2. Source Code

    ...

  3. Derived Works

    ...

  4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

    ...

  5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

    ...

  6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

    ...

  7. Distribution of License

    ...

  8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product

    The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. ...

  9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

    ...

  10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral

    No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.

Software-Lizenzen

Liste freier Lizenzen:
http://www.opensource.org/licenses

Gemeingut

  • keine echte Lizenz

  • in angelsächsischer Rechtsprechung:

    • Public Domain genannt
    • Abtritt des Copyrights
  • in Deutschland:

    • Man kann seine Urheberrechte nicht abtreten!
    • Urheberrechte erlöschen 70 Jahre nach Tod des Autors
    • gibt es (noch) nicht bei Software

BSD-artig

  • "Macht damit, was ihr wollt"

  • "Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt"

  • kann in propritäre Software eingebaut werden

  • Beispiele:

    • BSD (2,3,4-Klausel)
    • MIT/X11-Lizenz
    • Artistic
    • unüblich: Creative Commons (BY)

Copyleft

  • Abwandlungen sollen frei bleiben

  • Beispiele:

    • GPL
    • LGPL
    • GPLv3
    • unüblich: Creative Commons (BY-SA)

Lizenzen für Nicht-Software

Gemeingut

  • bereits alles gesagt

BSD-artig

  • Klassisches Einsatzgebiet: Logos/Icons von freier Software
  • MIT/X11, Artistic, ... auch für Nicht-Software geeignet
  • Creative Commons (BY)

Copyleft

  • Klassisches Einsatzgebiet: Dokumentation von freier Software
  • GPL, LGPL, ... meist übertragbar, dennoch nicht ratsam
  • FDL für Texte
  • Creative Commons (BY-SA)

Vorsicht!

Unfreie Lizenzen

Klassische Beispiele:

  • FDL mit "Invariant Sections"
  • Creative Commons (*-NC oder *-ND)

Abhängigkeit von unfreier Software

Klassische Beispiele:

  • komplexe Java-Programme
  • C-Programme, die nur unter MSVC compilieren
  • Verwendung unfreier PHP-Module

Komplexität der Lizenzen

Empfehlungen:

Beispiel: MIT/X11

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Beispiel: BSD (3-Klausel)

Copyright (c) The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS AS IS AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Beispiel: GPL

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

...

Größenvergleich

Lizenz Zeilen Worte Größe
MIT/X11 19 167 1 kB
BSD (3) 26 225 1 kB
Artistic 131 970 6 kB
GPL 339 2968 18 kB
LGPL 510 4372 26 kB